Rousseau, the Individual, the State, and David’s The Oath of the Horati

Rousseau, the Individual, the State, and David’s The Oath of the Horatii Rousseau’s view on the relationship between the individual and the state and David’s painting ‘The Oath of the Horatii’ are two different genres with the same views, having French Revolution as the connecting factor. David’s painting is not done for art sake but rather an art for the people sake. His painting does not include only aesthetic purposes but includes with ulterior motives. David has a preconceive notion in his mind and has decided to give a pictorial representation of the preconceived notion and exploits all his techniques to ensure what is in his mind. It is because of Rousseau’s impact of philosophy that David was able to use his medium of painting to achieve his purpose. In ‘The Oath of Horatii’, Rousseau’s impact on David is expressed very well in the David’s neoclassical style which is characterized by clarity of line, logical and balanced composition, restrained facial expression, bold effects of light and a minimum of distracting detail. It is very apt for David’s purposes since the style enhances and highlights David’s purposes in conveying his political messages. The Horatii were chosen as champions of ancient Rome (Audio-Visual Notes 2001) and the legitimacy of being chosen as champions suggests the power of the state. According to Jean-Jacques Rousseau, a person or institution has authority if they are able to command others to do things. That authority is legitimate only if the person, or institution, possesses the right to command others. To be legitimate, the authority the state has over the people must come from the people themselves, and not from a single entity such as the king. Power that comes from such sources is usually referred to as naked power. In such a scenario, we cannot totally agree that the Horatii were comfortable with the title as champions. They might be indulged to obey the state because they ought to, or because they are afraid of the consequences. In contrast, they might be honoured to be chosen as champions of Rome and this title might influence them into offering their lives on behalf of the country. On the viewer’s left, a third of the vertical space is dedicated to three men, Horatii, who are sons to the man, Horatius. The lights flood across the scene onto the viewer’s right side, illuminating the main characters and presenting th... ...r heads are facing down with eyes closed with their backs slouching. These choices of colours, postures and gestures suggest that David wants to create the solemn ambience within the female figures and the contradiction of their particular will against the general will of the state. In Rousseau’s view, particular will is concerned with an individual’s advantage. The ladies may be convinced by their three brothers and their father to think that their particular will is the product of appetite while general will is the product of reason. Since a person acting on his appetite is slavish and bad, while a person acting on reason is noble and good, they should therefore obey the general will and allow their brothers to fight; even to the extent of having duels with their own family members. With the cross referencing between Rousseau’s views and David’s painting â€Å"The Oath of the Horatii† that has been presented, we can conclude that it is because of Rousseau’s impact of philosophy that David was able to use his medium of painting to achieve his purpose and this is evident through the pictorial representation in conveying particular will and the general will of â€Å"The Oath of the Horatii†.

Fences Research Paper Essay

Lives are lead with anxiety over certain issues and with apprehension towards certain events. This play, Fences written by the playwright August Wilson deals with the progression of a family through the struggles of oppression and the inability to obtain the American Dream. The characters in the play develop throughout the story and can be viewed or interpreted in many different ways, but one man remains constant during the play and that is Troy. Due to certain events that transpired as he was growing up, Troy is shaped into a very stubborn yet proud man. To be a man who was black and proud ran the risk of getting destroyed, both physically and mentally. The world of the 1950s and 60s was rapidly changing and grew strange to Troy as he was living in a place that he understood less and less each day. Troy grows bitter through his misconceptions of the world and lives a life devoted to everything other than his family. As a result of racism Troy is unable to acquire his American Dream of becoming a baseball player, which results in his extreme bitterness that negatively impacts his family relationships and makes him deeply aware of his mortality. Troy’s dreams are thwarted due to accounts of racism that occur in his life and he refuses to acknowledge that any racial progress has been made. Although he is constantly told he is too old to play baseball, Troy sees it in different way. To Troy ability has nothing to do with age, he believes the single reason for him not making it in the major leagues is racism. Troy’s longings to become a baseball player are obstructed by oppression and discrimination. Like many black athletes, Troy was not given the same opportunities as white people were, which strengthened his already adamant view toward the idea of one’s skill vs. he color of one’s skin â€Å"I’m talking about if you could play ball then they ought to have let you play. Don’t care what color you were† (Wilson 18). Troy gets frustrated with the blatant racism that keeps him from playing in the Major Leagues. Troy feels as though he was robbed of a professional career in baseball strictly because of his race, the racial barrier constantly overshadows him and his family and has over time made him a bitter man. In an effort to help the reader understand Troy’s feelings toward his failure, Wilson writes as Troy â€Å"Don’t ome telling me I was too old. I Just wasn’t the right color† (Wilson 39). Although not specifically quoted by Troy, he has been worn down due to constant oppression and has been changed into a man whom he did not aspire to be like; his father. Troy’s animosity towards black people not getting equal opportunities as white people affects his ideals as a father and jeopardizes the future of his family. Troy’s story isn’t particularly special in this era, it was very common for racism and oppression to meddle and change peoples lives. Not specific to baseball but in general life, many things were completely segregated as explained by Kim Pereira â€Å"Wilson used the fence and baseball to tell this story. It was not just a story of a life perceived as a failure, but a look into the minds and thoughts of an African American in the 1950’s† (Pereira 47). Very few people before the civil rights movements in the 1960’s were acting out against racism, and many black people accepted this and began to believe that they were in fact, the inferior race. Troy cannot see the clear racial progress that has been made since he played baseball. As life progressed since Troy had faced oppression during his early years, he found it difficult to accept that things had changed. Troy’s racial arrogance is shown as he talks to Cory about baseball players not playing because of where they are from â€Å"â€Å"Got that boy†¦ Puerto Rican boy†¦ Clemente. Don’t even half-play him† â€Å"He gets lots of chances to play†Ã¢â‚¬  (Wilson 59). Troy clearly believes that people are still not given opportunities to play or excel in something because of the color of their skin, but Cory is denying this claim and states that that is not the case anymore and things have moved forward, at least in this instance. The aspect of social change had opportunities to erupt during the 1950s; people were so set on their views, and much like Troy very few were willing to believe that there was change. Howard Shapiro analyzed this issue â€Å"It’s set in the late ‘50s in an American rapidly moving for an upheaval that will bring massive social change – change Troy Maxson either fails to see or cannot understand† (Shapiro) Troy’s reluctance to accept social change puts the future of his family at risk and stops Cory from progressing through life and out of the ghetto. Troy is constantly exposed to racism and attempts to overcome it in everyday life. There are many instances throughout the book of black people, often working very hard to try and get an opportunity to make something of their lives. This opportunity that is searched for is constantly dismissed because of the underlining theme of racism. Troy isn’t one to stand up for himself, but does when he speaks to his boss about inequality in the work area â€Å"I went to Mr. Rad and asked him ‘why? Why you got white men’s driving and the colored man lifting? † (Wilson 19) Troy’s frustration in dealing with racism and inequality everyday reflects his frustrations from being denied a career in baseball. Despite Troy’s efforts to work hard, he along with many others is not given a chance to change the lives of their families. Troy says that he works as hard as possible and receives nothing for it â€Å"I’m working every day and can’t get not credit† (Wilson 15) Troy is overlooked because of the color of their skin, and in being constantly discriminated against Troy’s future is limited. Although there has been some racial progress by the 1950s, there are not any significant breakthroughs until the civil rights movement. Through the voice of Troy, Wilson describes and example of oppression where a â€Å"negro† walks into a restaurant and cannot get served, but when a white man walks in everybody drops what he or she is doing and rushes to the aid of the white man. Wilson references the Pope picking out the meat from the stew for the white man, saying that everybody will get down on his or her hands and knees to cater for that one man. An instance like this occurred very often and is made an example out of. Troy displaces his relationships with Rose and Cory, who end up resenting him because of his ostracizing actions. As a result of being exposed to failure when growing up with his father, Troy seems to have adopted the idea that when things get difficult it is easier to just walk away. In doing so Troy unknowingly affects the lives of those around him. Troy ruins his marriage with Rose due to his never-ending need to escape responsibility. Troy does not have a sense of familial obligation and much like his father puts a lot of effort into getting away from his duties as a father. He wants to get away from the pressures of family life and is driven towards another woman with whom he has an affair, and explains it as â€Å"She gives me a different idea†¦I can step out of this house and get away from the pressures and problems† (Wilson 68). Troy is forever reluctant to accept his responsibilities, he understands that he is a father but all that he associates with this role is providing money, as that is all anybody asks of him. Troy is very hypocritical in saying he is the man of the house, yet acting as far from it as possible. In neglecting his family, Troy destroys his relationships with his wife, and children. As Kim Pereira analyses â€Å"Troy delays building the fence, as though fearful of the restrictions it will place on him. Something within him rebels against the idea of being cut off from the world, having no escape from the pressures of family life† (Pereira 49). It is evident that Troy is fearful of the symbolic meaning of the fence rather than the fence itself. Placing possible restrictions on him, Troy is reluctant to put it up; he feels it might force him to live a life devoted to his family, with no escape. In marrying Troy, Rose took a huge gamble in putting all of her aspirations and dreams aside to live a family life, one devoted to her husband and children. When finding out that her husband has cheated on her Rose’s goals and possible futures were destroyed, she was betrayed by the man she invested in â€Å"I took all my feelings, my wants and needs, my dreams†¦and I buried them inside of you. I planted a seed and waited and prayed over it† (Wilson 45). Troy betrayed the trust of Rose, and not only cheated her but the family as well, any goals they had, are now shattered because of his selfishness. Harold Bloom suggests that once Troy speaks to death following fights with loved ones he destroys his family â€Å"Troy stands alone on stage and speaks directly to death. These meetings follow confrontations, first with Rose and then with Cory, during which Troy manages to kill the love from those he loves the most† (Bloom). After Troy manages to â€Å"kill the love† he accepts death and acknowledges that it will eventually come. Troy shifts all of his attention to one aspect of his life and in doing so neglects and pushes away those who love him. Cory takes umbrage against Troy, as a result of the restrictions that are placed upon him. Due to Troy’s failure in baseball he is diffident to let Cory play football in college. He faced racism in trying to become a professional athlete and fears the same fate for Cory â€Å"The white man ain’t gonna let you get nowhere with that football no way† (Wilson 78). Troy sees his time that he used to pursue a career in baseball was wasted and is now trying to avoid Cory from going through the same thing. In response to his own disappointment, Troy demands Cory to give up on his dream. Troy believes that to be successful you have to work hard and that you earn where you get to, but believes that something interfered on his path to success. Troy thinks that life has never been fair to his family and never helped him out, it is just an obstruction â€Å"Life don’t owe you nothing† (Wilson 83). In his eyes somebody succeeding in life means that they think they are better than others, Troy begins to shows this characteristic when Cory has the opportunity to play college football and possibly make something of his life, as Kim Pereira explains â€Å"This seeming lack of affection is hard on Cory who obviously worships his father. But every attempt to emulate Troy is met with disapproval, and slowly, their lives begin to revolve in concentric circles – beginning at the same center, destined to describe similar patterns† (Pereira 44). Despite Cory wanting a relationship with his father, Troy is hesitant to show any affection toward his own son because of his pride.

Biography of William Wallace

The Transformation of 1850s California The Sisters...

The California Gold Rush left a huge mark on America. In the novel, The Sisters Brothers, written by Patrick deWitt, the Gold Rush had a large effect on transforming Californian lifestyle and its population. This research paper will prove that America was transformed by the 1851 Gold Rush and that this has been portrayed realistically in the novel. The novel, The Sisters Brothers, written by Patrick deWitt is the story of two adventurous brothers named Eli and Charlie who travel from Oregon to San Francisco during the gold rush in the 1850s. The brothers are hired to find and kill a man named Hermann Warm. They run into a wide range of tough situations and sketchy characters such a rich businessman named Mayfield who runs his own town.†¦show more content†¦When he was 2 he moved to Southern California and grew up travelling back and forth between Vancouver to the United States. Now age 37, he lives in Portland, Oregon. Mark Medley describes how, years ago, the main idea of, The Sisters Brothers, came to deWitt with just a simple few words â€Å"sensitive cowboy† written on a notepad. They spawned a fictional conversation between two cowboys which grew to become the main characters, Eli and Charlie. One day while deWitt was riding his bike, he came across a yard sale and found an old leather-bound volume titled, The Forty-Niners, which contained pictures and text on the subject of the San Francisco Gold Rush. DeWitt focused on the pictures of old prospectors and abandoned steam ships in harbours â€Å"If I hadn’t happened across that book, I think it would have been a much more stationary story, looking at the old pictures and drawings and paintings was much more inspirational than the cold, hard facts.† said deWitt. He cut out pictures of this book and pasted them all over his walls for inspiration. His novel is not like many stereotypical cowboy characters which many Western movies depict. He did not want it to be a research heavy novel which contained too many hard facts. DeWitt would rather focus on his story and the development of his original cowboy characters. The large gold deposits in California were not

The Ketogenic Diet For Bipolar Patients Essay - 752 Words

The Ketogenic Diet for Bipolar Patients By E Fiske-Jorgensen | Submitted On July 30, 2013 Recommend Article Article Comments Print Article Share this article on Facebook 1 Share this article on Twitter 1 Share this article on Google+ Share this article on Linkedin Share this article on StumbleUpon 1 Share this article on Delicious 1 Share this article on Digg 2 Share this article on Reddit 1 Share this article on Pinterest Expert Author E Fiske-Jorgensen Ketone bodies are three different biochemicals that are produced as by-products when fatty acids broken down for energy.Two of the three are used as a source of energy for the brain. Neurotransmitters (such as serotonin and dopamine) work by changing these membrane potentials in various ways. Neurotransmitters can open ion channels, allowing sodium to enter the cell and causing a wave of electrical impulse that travels along the neuron. This is the problem in bipolar patients, especially with the neurotransmitters of seratonin and dopamine. The synapse region does not allow a message from one neuron to pass to another neuron correctly, making one react to a situation in an inappropriate manner, sometimes with little inhibition. When a person is in a ketogenic state, the electrical impulses that pass from one neuron to another are opened up by the mediation of sodium. It allows extracellular calcium to pour into the cell, which leads to the release of the neurotransmitters of seratonin and dopamine into the synapseShow MoreRelatedDepression Cured By Low Carb Diet Essay713 Words   |  3 PagesDepression Cured by Low Carb Diet? By Rosemary Cheadle | Submitted On October 03, 2015 Recommend Article Article Comments Print Article Share this article on Facebook Share this article on Twitter Share this article on Google+ Share this article on Linkedin Share this article on StumbleUpon Share this article on Delicious Share this article on Digg Share this article on Reddit Share this article on Pinterest Yes you heard me right! Does a low carbohydrate diet play a role in stabilizing moodRead MoreEnglish Comp C456 Essay3978 Words   |  16 Pagesagencies regarding what a normal, healthy diet, should be, as well as what a balanced diet looks like.   Eating a low-carb high-fat, or ketogenic, diet of high fat,  adequate protein and low carbohydrates can provide many health benefits as compared to the alternative of an unhealthy diet. Research suggests that a ketogenic diet builds a healthier body than other diets because it will lead to weight loss, improved blood pressure, and reduce appetites. The ketogenic diet is the foundation for a healthy lifeRead MoreA Brief Note On Diabetes And The Middle Aged Adult Essay2406 Words   |  10 Pagesincrease in stress, body mass index (BMI) and glycemic levels. As a result of decreased physical activity and making poor diet choices, middle aged American adults are at high risk for developing further chronic health conditions and diseases due to uncontrolled glycemic levels and poor lifestyle choices. Lifestyle changes that include diet modifications such as a low carbohydrate diet and daily exercise can assist in regulating blood glucose levels, decreasing risk of infection or other chronic healthRead MoreAttention Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder2588 Words   |  11 Pagescorrelation between ADHD and diet? ADHD or also known as Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder is a behavioral disorder that can affect both children and adults. It is a condition that involves active substances in the brain which starts off as a mental disord er in children. ADHD affects only certain parts of the brain that allows us to solve issues, control ourselves, and understand the actions of others. Doctors have found that the frontal cortex is much thinner in patients who have ADHD. ResearchersRead MoreThe Marketing Research of Brainquiry33782 Words   |  136 PagesMarketing Report For Table of Contents Executive Summary The New York research covers a complete sample breakdown of doctors and patients. This breakdown can be used to send surveys, as contact information for personal selling or promotion. The folder titled New York on the CD contains all information needed to conduct any of the things mentioned above. There is also an ample sports breakdown for the golf professionals. This is not a sample but all the private golf clubs and

The Shawl free essay sample

Symbolism in the Shawl In the short story The Shawl, the author Cynthia Ozick uses many symbols and imagery to illustrate the brutality of concentration camps during World War II. What makes the shawl unique from other stories that have chronicled the horrors of Nazism, is the way Cynthia Ozick bring the characters to life. She never directly says the characters are in a concentration camp. Instead, she describes the color of the characters hair as being nearly as yellow as the star sewn in Rosas coat. Ozicks powerful yet distinctive simple language helps the reader visualize the heart wrenching expedition the characters must venture through. The shawl represents several diverse elements in the story. (McCool,1) Throughout the story the shawl represents a source of warmth and protection for the baby Magda. As Rosa (her mother) cradles Magda on the lurid march, the shawl essentially hid the baby from the horros of the camp. We will write a custom essay sample on The Shawl or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Ozick paints a vivid picture of Rosas commitment to Magda. For instance, when Ozick describes how Rosa clung to the shawl as if it covered only herself, its becomes apparent that Rosa put up a fight to keep her daughter alive. The shawl also physically keeps Magda alive. It magically nourishes Magda when Rosas breasts can no longer produce milk, by providing milk of Strigglers 2 linen. It also shielded her from the black deposits the bad wind carried that made Stella and Rosas eyes tear. Magda eyes were always tearless. The fact that despite the conditions the baby never cried only adds to the ironies of the story. In most cases when a child is in an uncomfortable environment, or goes without food for any amount of time its normal for them to cry. Even in the situation Magda is in she does not cry. Almost as if her life could be in jeopardy if she were to cry. The shawl is a source of companionship for her as well. During the march Rosa notices Magda laugh and is confused at how shes learned to laugh when shes never seen anyone laugh. The shawl is also referred to as the sister Magda never had. Without the shawl Magda would be separated from her life source and will be completely vulnerable. The shawl was her secret existence. (Gale,1) Ozicks characters Magda, Rosa and Stella represent three layers of interpretation. Magda bundled in the magical shawl represents Life. After reading the relationship between the baby and the shawl you experience feelings of warmth and imagination. Rosa, who advances to a stage where she no longer experiences hunger and becomes a floating angel represents spirit. Stella, weakened by the physical torture, becomes so cold that it has seeped into her hardened heart. She represents death. Metaphorically, when Rosa or spirits attention is drawn away, death, jealous of the warmth of life, retrieves the lifes source, the shawl. Once the life of Magda, the shawl, was taken away she was instantly discovered and her life brutally extinguished. Both Rosa and Magda lives are consistently symbolic throughout the story. Rosa is given characteristics of those of an angel. For instance, when Ozick describes Rosas walk on the march she says she Strigglers 3 feels light, like someone in a faint, someone who is already a floating angel in the air. Also when Rosa chases the wandering Magda Rosa is so light she can fly. Rosa flew, She could fly; she was only air, into the arena. Magda had angelic features as well. He blonde hair blue eyes and fair skin fits the stereotypical image of an angel. Her hair was like feathers, breath smells like almonds and cinnamon. Ozick also uses language to humanize and dehumanize her characters. Magda is repeatedly compared to a butterfly and a moth . The imagery shows the irony. A butterfly has gone through the metamorphosis stages already. Similar to a moth Magda is headed towards a flame, or her death. Much of the air imagery suggests that the captives future is doomed. For instance, the air of the camp is an ash- stippled wind carrying a bitter fatty floating smoke. The air imagery also symbolizes starvation. Both Rosa and Magda are both slowly turning into air. The babys belly is described as ballonish, air-fed and fat with air. (Gale,1) The three days and three nights the shawl protects Magda are a dark and tragic inversion of the Christian belief that Christ passed through death and was brought back to life. Magda experiences three days of magical life, and then death. Rosa, Stella and Magdas situation seems to worsen throughout the story. Although their lives seem grim and hopeless there are moments with sparks of hope that surface. The turning point of the story occurs when Stella steals the shawl and Magda becomes exposed. Stellas excuse for stealing the shawl was that she was cold. Not only is the theft in itself cruel the shawl was the only warmth and comfort Magda had. Once it was taken away from her it forced the only cry from her fragile body. Ironically, the cry draws not Rosas attention but that of the gurads. What should bring love instead brings death. (McCool,1)

Plot Overview for a rose for Emily Essays - A Rose For Emily

Plot Overview for a rose for Emily The story is divided into five sections. In section I, the narrator recalls the time of Emily Grierson 's death and how the entire town attended her funeral in her home, which no stranger had entered for more than ten years. In a once-elegant, upscale neighborhood, Emily's house is the last vestige of the grandeur of a lost era. Colonel Sartoris, the town's previous mayor, had suspended Emily's tax responsibilities to the town after her father's death, justifying the action by claiming that Mr. Grierson had once lent the community a significant sum. As new town leaders take over, they make unsuccessful attempts to get Emily to resume payments. When members of the Board of Aldermen pay her a visit, in the dusty and antiquated parlor, Emily reasserts the fact that she is not required to pay taxes in Jefferson and that the officials should talk to Colonel Sartoris about the matter. However, at that point he has been dead for almost a decade. She asks her servant, Tobe , t o show the men out. In section II, the narrator describes a time thirty years earlier when Emily resists another official inquiry on behalf of the town leaders, when the townspeople detect a powerful odor emanating from her property. Her father has just died, and Emily has been abandoned by the man whom the townsfolk believed Emily was to marry. As complaints mount, Judge Stevens, the mayor at the time, decides to have lime sprinkled along the foundation of the Grierson home in the middle of the night. Within a couple of weeks, the odor subsides, but the townspeople begin to pity the increasingly reclusive Emily, remembering how her great aunt had succumbed to insanity. The townspeople have always believed that the Griersons thought too highly of themselves, with Emily's father driving off the many suitors deemed not good enough to marry his daughter. With no offer of marriage in sight, Emily is still single by the time she turns thirty. The day after Mr. Grierson's death, the women of the town call on Emily to offer their condolences. Meeting them at the door, Emily states that her father is not dead, a charade that she keeps up for three days. She finally turns her father's body over for burial. In section III, the narrator describes a long illness that Emily suffers after this incident. The summer after her father's death, the town contracts workers to pave the sidewalks, and a construction company, under the direction of northerner Homer Barron , i s awarded the j ob. Homer soon becomes a popular figure in town and is seen taking Emily on buggy rides on Sunday afternoons, which scandalizes the town and increases the condescension and pity they have for Emily. They feel that she is forgetting her family pride and becoming involved with a man beneath her station. As the affair continues and Emily's reputation is further compromised, she goes to the drug store to purchase arsenic, a powerful poison. She is required by law to reveal how she will use the arsenic. She offers no explanation, and the package arrives at her house labeled "For rats." In section IV, the narrator describes the fear that some of the townspeople have that Emily will use the poison to kill herself. Her potential marriage to Homer seems increasingly unlikely, despite their continued Sunday ritual. The more outraged women of the town insist that the Baptist minister talk with Emily. After his visit, he never speaks of what happened and swears that he'll never go back. So the minister's wife writes to Emily's two cousins in Alabama, who arrive for an extended stay. Because Emily orders a silver toilet set monogrammed with Homer's initials, talk of the couple's marriage resumes. Homer, absent from town, is believed to be preparing for Emily's move to the North or avoiding Emily's intrusive relatives. After the cousins' departure, Homer enters the Grierson home one evening and then is never seen again. Holed up in the house, Emily grows plump and gray. Despite the occasional lesson she gives in china painting, her door remains closed to outsiders. In what becomes an